John Schrank

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John Schrank
John Schrank (October 15, 1912)
Born
Johann Nepomuk Schrank[1][2]: 6 

(1876-03-05)March 5, 1876
Erding, Kingdom of Bavaria, German Empire
DiedSeptember 15, 1943(1943-09-15) (aged 67)
Waupun, Wisconsin, United States
Other namesJohn Flamming[1]
John Flamming Schrank[2]: 6 
CitizenshipGerman (1876-1889)
American (1897-1943)
OccupationSaloonkeeper
Known for1912 Attempted assassination of Theodore Roosevelt

John Flammang Schrank (born Johann Nepomuk Schrank; March 5, 1876 – September 15, 1943), was a German-American tavern owner from Bavaria who attempted to assassinate former President Theodore Roosevelt outside of the Gilpatrick Hotel in Milwaukee on October 14, 1912. Schrank was a wealthy man who claimed to have visions telling him that he had to stop Theodore Roosevelt from being elected to a third term as President of the United States. His assassination attempt was not successful; he was captured after shooting Roosevelt and adjudicated insane.

Schrank had hallucinations and claimed that the ghost of assassinated US President William McKinley told him that Roosevelt was his murderer, and the ghost asked Schrank to avenge his death. After his failed assassination attempt he was captured and he pleaded guilty to shooting Roosevelt before Judge August C. Backus in Milwaukee Municipal Court. Judge Backus appointed a panel to determine if Schrank was mentally fit. The panel decided that Schrank was insane and in November 1912, he was committed to the Central State Hospital for the Criminally Insane: while there, he had no visitors and received no mail.

Background[edit]

Early life[edit]

Schrank was born in Erding, Kingdom of Bavaria, on March 5, 1876, to carpenters Michael and Katharina Schrank (née Auer).[3][4] The Herald-Press stated that his birth certificate listed him as John Nepomuk Schrank[1] while a letter from Friedrich Herbig, the mayor of Erding from 1905 to 1929, gave his birth name as Johann Nepomuk Schrank.[5] He had four siblings, two of whom died in infancy.[6][2] His maternal aunt, Anna Binghammer, suffered from persecutory delusions and was committed to an asylum, Königlich Bayerische Heil- und Pflegeeinrichtung für Nervenkranke [de], in Gabersee, where she died on November 21, 1904, from encephalomalacia.[5][6]: 192  The Herald-Press also reported that Schrank's paternal grandfather was recorded as having suffered a sudden mental decline and died shortly after.[1]

When Schrank was three, his father Michael died from consumption at the age of 38. His mother Katharina subsequently shuffled between living with her brother Joseph Auer and his family, as well as her elderly parents until Schrank was nine years old. Joseph acted as a paternal substitute for Schrank in his childhood, showing him how to tend to the vegetable garden and helping with his school work. He was raised as a Roman Catholic and attended public school in Bavaria from the age of seven to twelve, where he was noted to be an "outstanding student".[6]: 192 

In the fall of 1889, Schrank, aged twelve, was informally adopted by his visiting paternal aunt Anne Flamming (née Anna Schrank) and her Luxembourg German husband Dominick Flamming (also known as Domenikus Flamang),[5] both of whom had immigrated to the United States in the 1850's.[7] The agreement was made due to the Auer family already caring for four other children (Schrank's surviving brother and sister, as well as his two cousins, Joseph's daughters) and the middle-aged couple being childless. He accompanied the Flammings on their return trip from Bremerhaven on the SS Fulda, being listed as their son on the passenger list,[a] and arrived in Manhattan, New York, on October 22, 1889.[7]

Life in the United States[edit]

During his early years in America, Schrank was known as John Flamming, having anglicized his original first name Johann to the English equivalent and taken on the last name of his foster parents,[b] with whom he lived in a tenement in the Kleindeutschland neighborhood in Lower East Side.[8] He learned English at night classes for the next four years, gaining a keen interest in history and American politics through the newspapers and other literature he read for his courses and began writing poetry in both German and English at 15. Schrank worked at his aunt and uncle's tavern starting at the age of twelve, first as a bus boy and later as a bartender.[9]: 51 [10]: 257  Schrank became a lapsed Catholic, partially because his foster parents did not attend church, writing "I am a Roman Catholic. I love my religion but I hate my church as long as the Roman parish is not independent from Rome, as long as Catholic priests are prevented from getting married, as long as Rome is still more engaged in politics and accumulation of money contrary to the teachings of the Lord."[7] He became a naturalized citizen on July 23, 1897.[11]

According to family and friends, Schrank developed a great admiration for American ideals and the Founding Fathers, naming historical figures such as George Washington, James Madison, Tadeusz Kościuszko, and Abraham Lincoln as his personal heroes, and kept tags and documents from his immigration process as mementos. He was described as "mild-mannered, reserved but cheerful, with a wry sense of humor" and well-liked by his neighbors, but also quiet, shy, and withdrawn, and, by his own account, never formed friendships.[7]

In the spring of 1904, his uncle Dominick retired and passed ownership over the tavern to his nephew. As he and his wife simultaneously sold off the tenement room they shared with Schrank to afford an apartment in Yorkville, Schrank began lodging with the Zieglers, consisting of mother Melanje "Minnie" Ziegler and three of her children, Alfred, Elisa (also called Ella), and Emily Ziegler,[c] as they had spare room after Emily's brother Edward moved to Baltimore for work. Schrank and Emily, who was nine years his junior, were close friends, having known each other since childhood, with some sources, both from the 1920's and contemporary, reporting that the two were a romantic couple, according to Schrank's statements. Emily died at the age of 19 in a fire on the PS General Slocum on June 15, 1904,[2]: 7, 8  after which Schrank identified Ziegler's body to pathologist William O'Gorman, though his name was misspelled as "John Schrenck" in news reports, variously calling her his girlfriend or fiancée. Edward Ziegler denied that Schrank was ever engaged and said that his sister was only casually acquainted with Schrank as roommates.[12]: 304  Regardless of their actual relationship, her death greatly affected Schrank, who referred to it as "the greatest tragedy of [his] life" and would later say, "I never had a friend in my life, except for one girl who was killed in a steamship accident."[13] After successfully applying for a passport the year before, Schrank briefly returned to Germany in spring 1906 to visit his family in Erding, where he collected an inheritance from his deceased godmother, presumed to have been his maternal grandmother.[5]

Following the General Slocum disaster, the population of Kleindeutschland dwindled over the years, with the Ziegler family being among the first to move away. The tavern's revenue was already plummeting since being acquired by Schrank due to many of the regulars leaving due to the change in managment, so upon returning from his trip, Schrank sold the business to a man named Charles Wolfert and joined his foster parents in Yorkville, paying off their mortage of US$20,000 (equivalent to $678,222 in 2023) as well as covering numerous other expenses. His aunt died the next year in 1907, followed by her husband in 1911, with Schrank, as the sole grantee in both of their wills, inheriting several properties in New York. He sold the properties for US$25,000 (equivalent to $817,500 in 2023) and moved to Brooklyn to be closer to the graves of his foster parents in The Evergreens Cemetery,[d] where he became a frequent visitor. Left with a sizable amount of money but no job, Schrank tried to invest in real estate and the insurance branch, both unsuccessfully, and fell behind on his own mortage payments, with his last known residence in New York City being at Homestead Hotel.[2] Following his uncle's death, Schrank kept no known social contacts and became forlorn and depressed.[9]: 51  He was described as a disconnected and awkward man who did not associate with other people.[12] Around the same time, Schrank began drinking heavily, his daily intake averaging five pints of beer, and also took up smoking cigars, sometimes as many as six within a single day.[2]

Mental health and obsession with Roosevelt[edit]

According to Schrank's testimony during his trial, on September 7, 1901, he had a vivid dream of being at the funeral of 25th U.S. President William McKinley, who had been recently assassinated while in New York state a day earlier. In the dream, McKinley's body rose from its casket and said "Avenge my death!", pointing at a corner where a "form clad in Monkish garb" stood, which he recognized as Theodore Roosevelt.[14] He did not find significance in the dream until Roosevelt announced his bid for the presidential candidacy in February 1912. Schrank, who followed the developments of the 1912 presidential elections with great interest through newspapers, was opposed to Roosevelt and believed seeking a third term violated his own interpretation of the Declaration of Independence and George Washington's Farewell Address, in what he termed "The Unwritten Laws".[e] He claimed that Roosevelt was attempting to dismantle the U.S. Constitution to give himself the power to replace the democratic system with a dictatorship and that Roosevelt, as McKinley's vice president, had orchestrated McKinley's murder to secure the president's office for himself. Schrank also believed that Roosevelt was being backed by "foreign powers" with plans to annex the Panama Canal, which he considered a violation of the Monroe Doctrine that would result in another civil war breaking out. Schrank concluded that his 1901 dream was a vision sent by God and that it was his mission prevent this from happening, even if it meant killing Roosevelt, seeing the Decalogue commandment "thou shalt not kill" as overridden in such a case, as he would be acting as an instrument of God.[6]

Schrank recalled that a few months later in the early hours of September 15, 1912, following the presidential nomination of Roosevelt in August, after he finished a poem entitled "Be A Man" about the McKinley assassination, he heard a voice say "Let no murderer occupy the presidential chair for a third term. Avenge my death!" followed by a tap on his shoulder. Schrank turned around to see what he described as an apparition of the late President McKinley, staring at him with "dying eyes".[9]: 51 He may have also had other hallucinations involving Emily Ziegler.[9] Doctors at the time would diagnose Schrank as having paranoid schizophrenia,[15] although the diagnostic criteria have since changed and declared "paranoid schizoprenia" as a specific diagnosis obsolete in 2013.

Assassination attempt[edit]

John Schrank after his arrest in Milwaukee (1912)
Main article: Attempted assassination of Theodore Roosevelt

After his second hallucination, Schrank purchased a $14 (equivalent to $442 in 2023) .38 caliber Colt revolver and began stalking Roosevelt. He first followed Roosevelt to New Orleans by steamship.[16] He borrowed $350 (equivalent to $11,050 in 2023) from Herman Larunger, the brother of his landlord at the hotel, for this purpose, making up a story about needing funds to travel to a rich uncle to collect an inheritance.[2] When he could not kill Roosevelt he stated that he followed him to Charleston, South Carolina, Atlanta, Georgia, Chattanooga, Tennessee, Evansville, Indiana, Indianapolis and Chicago.[3] He followed Roosevelt for 24 days, and he found that at each place, there were complications that prevented him from getting access to Roosevelt.[16] He said that in Chattanooga, he was within 10 ft (3.0 m) of Roosevelt but he was too nervous to shoot.[16] He claimed that for at least part of his trip, he traveled under the name Walter Roos. Schrank then learned that Roosevelt would next go to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, so he went there to wait. He learned that Roosevelt would be at the Gilpatrick Hotel at 223 Third Street[3] so he waited across the street from the hotel at Herman Rollfink's saloon. He began drinking beer and told the bartender that he was a journalist.[2]: 167 

Schrank went to the Gilpatrick at 5:45 pm and stood among a crowd that had gathered. Roosevelt arrived and went to his suite to rest; he also ate a meal before his scheduled speech in Milwaukee. At 7:00 pm Schrank went back to the saloon across the street and waited.[2]: 170  There was a band at Rollfink's saloon and Schrank requested that they play "The Star-Spangled Banner"; he danced while they played the song.[17] The bartender was a man named Paul Thume and he said Schrank bought each of the musicians in the band a drink. Witnesses at Rollfink's said Schrank was quiet and pleasant. Right before he left he bought everyone a drink.[10]

At approximately 8:00 pm Schrank crossed the street and blended in with the crowd to wait for Roosevelt to emerge.[17] When Roosevelt emerged from the Gilpatrick Hotel at 8:10 pm, he climbed into a waiting convertible. He initially sat down but a crowd that had gathered cheered and Roosevelt stood up and raised his hat to acknowledge them. Schrank then pushed through the crowd and aimed his pistol at Roosevelt's chest. He shot Roosevelt at point-blank range and after the shot, he appeared ready to fire again, with his pistol still raised. Schrank was then tackled by Roosevelt's stenographer Elbert E. Martin who also wrested the gun away. Roosevelt remained calm and Schrank was captured. The crowd began to call for Schrank's lynching but Roosevelt asked them to stop. People did not realize that Roosevelt had been harmed by the shot. Someone asked Roosevelt if he had been hurt and he remarked, "Oh no, missed me that time. I'm not hurt a bit."[18][19][17]

Roosevelt did not seek medical attention and he went on to his speaking arrangement at the Milwaukee Auditorium after being shot. His opening comments to the gathered crowd were, "I don't know whether you fully understand that I have just been shot, but it takes more than that to kill a Bull Moose."[20] Roosevelt then told the crowd, "The bullet went in here–I will show you." He then opened his vest and showed the bloody stain which had spread from his right breast to his waist.[6]: 27  He spoke for 50 minutes before completing his speech and accepting medical attention.[20] After the speech Roosevelt was taken to a hospital emergency room in Milwaukee where he had x-rays taken.[13] Roosevelt decided to take the midnight train to Chicago and while on the train he got the news about the x-ray.[16] The doctors determined that Schrank's bullet had traveled upward 4 in (100 mm) and it broke Roosevelt's fourth rib on his right side.[13][18] When Roosevelt arrived in Chicago he checked into Mercy Hospital.[6]: 64  He was not more seriously wounded because the bullet first had to pass through his fifty-page speech which had been folded in half, and his spectacle case.[16]

Arrest[edit]

Schrank was arrested and he initially refused to give his name.[3] During questioning he eventually gave his name and confessed to the crime. Sergeant Robert Flood asked him why he did it, and he said, "I did it because I was opposed to the third term. Don't talk to me, I will not say anything until tomorrow, for I want to sleep."[21] The Milwaukee Sentinel published a special edition on October 15, 1912, with the headline, "Insane Man Shoots Roosevelt".[22] After his arrest, Schrank insisted that he was not insane. He said that God had selected him to receive visions and he was motivated to prevent Roosevelt from becoming a king.[18] Authorities found papers in Schrank's possession which showed that he had been stalking Roosevelt.[18] After one week in jail, the Milwaukee Sheriff ordered Schrank to bathe regularly. There were complaints about Schrank's offensive body odor and reports that he did not like to bathe. Because of the smell, the sheriff also ordered Schrank's clothes destroyed.[10]

Legal proceedings[edit]

John Schrank being escorted to court (1912)

On October 15, 1912, at 10:35 am, Schrank made his first arraignment appearance before Judge N. B. Neelen. He admitted that he had shot Roosevelt and was held with bail set at $7,500 (equivalent to $236,793 in 2023).[21] There were rumors about people who might bail him out of jail to make a movie, so his bail was later raised to $15,000 (equivalent to $473,586 in 2023).[11]

Schrank's next court appearance was on November 12, 1912, at 10:00 am; he appeared in court before Judge August C. Backus for a preliminary hearing. Schrank pleaded guilty.[6]: 12  He was charged with shooting with the intent to kill, which carried a maximum sentence of 15 years. In court, Schrank stated, "I plead guilty to shooting the man. I did not intend to kill citizen Roosevelt. I intended to kill Theodore Roosevelt the third-termer".[23] Instead of accepting the plea, the judge decided to appoint a panel which was referred to as a "Sanity Commission" to determine whether Schrank was mentally fit. The panel consisted of Dr. F. C. Studley, Dr. W. F. Becker, Dr. Richard Dewey, Dr. W. F. Wegge, and Dr. D. W. Harrington. Schrank was sent back to the jail and the court made plans to have a second preliminary hearing at 2:00 pm. The court assigned James G. Flanders to be Schrank's attorney. At 2:00 pm the physicians were told that they were charged with determining whether or not Shrank was, "insane at the present time".[6]

On November 14, 1912, the Sanity Commission began its evaluation of Schrank. They said he was right-handed, 5.45 ft (1.66 m) tall without shoes and he weighed 160 pounds (73 kg) wearing his clothing. He had blonde hair and his eyes were described as bluish-gray.[6]: 193  They noted that his jailer described him as a quiet, fastidious and cheerful man.[6]: 208  They concluded their report dated November 22, 1912, by saying,[6]: 212 

Our conclusions are as follows:

  1. First—John Schrank is suffering from insane delusions, grandiose in character, and of the systematized variety.
  2. Second—In our opinion he is insane at the present time.
  3. Third—On account of the connection existing between his delusions and the act with which he stands charged, we are of the opinion that he is unable to confer intelligently with counsel or to conduct his defense.

When Shrank appeared before Judge Backus on November 22, 1912, Judge Backus stated,[6]: 105, 106 

The court now finds that the defendant John Schrank is insane, and therefore incapacitated to act for himself. It is Therefore Ordered and Adjudged, that the defendant John Schrank be committed to the Northern Hospital for the Insane, near Oshkosh, in the county of Winnebago, state of Wisconsin, until such time when he shall have recovered from such insanity, when he shall be returned to this court for further proceedings according to law. And it is Further Ordered, that all proceedings in this case be stayed indefinitely and until such recovery.

On November 25, 1912, Schrank was committed to the Northern Hospital for the Insane in Waupun, Wisconsin.[24] In a December 16, 1912, letter from Theodore Roosevelt to journalist John St. Loe Strachey, Roosevelt wrote that Schrank was not a madman, but had a "disordered brain which most criminals, and a great many non criminals, have".[25]

While incarcerated, Schrank was pleased that Theodore Roosevelt did not win a third term. When US President Franklin D. Roosevelt won a third term in the 1940 United States presidential election Schrank told a guard that if he were not incarcerated, he would interfere.[16]

Death[edit]

Schrank died September 15, 1943, in the Central State Hospital for the Criminally Insane. His body was given to Milwaukee's Marquette University School of Medicine.[4] TIME magazine reported that Schrank received no visitors and no mail during his 31 years of incarceration. In 1943 The Knoxville Journal reported that the superintendent of the Central State Hospital for the Criminally Insane, Dr. R. A. Remley, stated that Schrank was a model prisoner and he was occasionally allowed to go to the city of Waupun alone. It was reported that Schrank's cause of death was bronchial pneumonia.[11][26]

Gallery[edit]

  • The .38 caliber Colt revolver used to shoot Roosevelt
    The .38 caliber Colt revolver used to shoot Roosevelt
  • Schrank in jail October 31, 1912
    Schrank in jail October 31, 1912
  • Schrank's writing about presidential third-terms and about his hallucination
    Schrank's writing about presidential third-terms and about his hallucination
  • The site of the assassination attempt Hotel Gilpatrick
    The site of the assassination attempt Hotel Gilpatrick

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Among other conflicting reports, including that Schrank came to America alone at the age of nine, the passenger list entry has led to confusion regarding the circumstances around Schrank's immigration. Conflation of German Kurrent-written records may have contributed to mistranslations. Other sources thus state that Schrank was accompanied by both his parents, who later died, and that he was then taken in by his aunt and uncle, when his biological mother was listed as alive during her son's 1912 trial.
  2. ^ They went by the alternate spelling Flammang in the United States, which was eventually adopted by Schrank as well.
  3. ^ Ziegler is sometimes given the first name "Elsie", one of many incorrect names from early reports released by the mortuary that processed the victims of the General Slocum disaster.[7]
  4. ^ Schrank's aunt is buried under the name Annie Finken Flammang, the middle name having been from her first husband, Diedrich Finken.
  5. ^ The "laws" outlined what he believed were the four core tenets of the U.S. President: A president is limited to two terms, is mandated to uphold of the Monroe Doctrine, has to be a Protestant and must not engage in wars of conquest.[6][2]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d "Insanity in Family". The Herald-Press. October 17, 1912. p. 2. Archived from the original on February 12, 2024. Retrieved February 12, 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Helferich, Gerard (October 8, 2013). Theodore Roosevelt and the Assassin: Madness, Vengeance, and the Campaign of 1912. Washington, DC: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-4930-0077-7. Archived from the original on February 25, 2024. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d "Would-be Assassin is John Schrank, Once Saloonkeeper Here". The New York Times. October 15, 1912. p. 1. Archived from the original on February 25, 2024. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  4. ^ a b Wilson, Scott (September 5, 2016). Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed (668 ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-7992-4. Archived from the original on February 25, 2024. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  5. ^ a b c d Herbig, Friedrich (November 4, 1912). "Exhibit 5 - Letter from Mayor of Erding". John F. Schrank Municipal Court Records. Retrieved May 19, 2024.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Cochems, Henry Frederick; Bloodgood, Wheeler P. (1912). The Attempted Assassination of Ex-President Theodore Roosevelt. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Progressive Publishing Company. p. 99. Archived from the original on February 12, 2024. Retrieved February 11, 2024.
  7. ^ a b c d e Daly, Sean (May 12, 2023). "The Slocum Families: Emily Ziegler and the Unrequited Love of John Flammang Schrank". Geneanet.
  8. ^ "SCHRANK CAUSES ODD REAL ESTATE TANGLE; Would-Be Slayer of Col. Roosevelt Defendant in a Foreclosure Case". The New York Times. August 8, 1913. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 19, 2024.
  9. ^ a b c d Johnson, Scott P. (November 11, 2020). Political Assassins, Terrorists and Related Conspiracies in American History. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-4766-4203-1. Archived from the original on February 12, 2024. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  10. ^ a b c Clarke, James W. (December 31, 2011). Defining Danger: American Assassins and the New Domestic Terrorists. Piscataway, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-4906-7. Archived from the original on February 25, 2024. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
  11. ^ a b c Levins, Peter (October 3, 1943). "Justice and The 'Great Reason'". The Knoxville Journal. p. 30. Archived from the original on February 12, 2024. Retrieved February 12, 2024.
  12. ^ a b Martinez, J. Michael (November 14, 2017). Political Assassinations and Attempts in US History: The Lasting Effects of Gun Violence Against American Political Leaders. New York City: Skyhorse. p. 304. ISBN 978-1-63144-071-7. Archived from the original on February 12, 2024. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  13. ^ a b c Bell, J. Bowyer (September 29, 2017). Assassin: Theory and Practice of Political Violence. New York, New Yok: Routledge. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-351-31543-2. Archived from the original on February 25, 2024. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
  14. ^ Vowell, Sarah (April 4, 2005). Assassination Vacation. New York, New Yok: Simon and Schuster. p. 230. ISBN 978-0-7432-8253-6. Archived from the original on February 25, 2024. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
  15. ^ Thomas, Heather (July 30, 2019). "The Pocket Items That Saved the Life of Theodore Roosevelt | Headlines & Heroes". The Library of Congress. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
  16. ^ a b c d e f Arnold, Christopher (June 23, 1968). "A 50-page Speech, Spectacle Case Save 'Bull Moose's Life'". The Star Press. p. 37. Archived from the original on February 12, 2024. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  17. ^ a b c Prigge, Matthew J. (August 5, 2020). "'It Takes More Than One Bullet to Kill a Bull Moose!' When Teddy Roosevelt was Gunned Down in Milwaukee". The Shepherd Express. Archived from the original on November 28, 2023. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
  18. ^ a b c d "Maniac in Milwaukee Shoots Col. Roosevelt; He Ignores Wound, Speaks an Hour, Goes. to Hospital". The New York Times. October 15, 1912. p. 1. Archived from the original on November 3, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  19. ^ "Elbert E. Martin Hero of Occasion". Boston Evening Transcript. October 15, 1912. p. 3. Archived from the original on November 2, 2023. Retrieved February 12, 2024.
  20. ^ a b "Speech Roosevelt Made While Wounded". The New York Times. October 15, 1912. p. 2. Archived from the original on February 12, 2024. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  21. ^ a b "Schrank Bound Over For Trial". The Milwaukee Sentinel. October 15, 1912.
  22. ^ "Insane Man Shoots Roosevelt". The Milwaukee Sentinel. October 15, 1912.
  23. ^ "Man Who Shot T.R." Carbondale Free Press. November 13, 1912. p. 1. Archived from the original on February 12, 2024. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  24. ^ "Real Expert Testimony". Nebraska State Journal. January 4, 1913. p. 4. Archived from the original on February 12, 2024. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  25. ^ "TR Center - Letter from Theodore Roosevelt to John St. Loe Strachey". theodorerooseveltcenter.org. Dickenson State University. Archived from the original on February 12, 2024. Retrieved February 12, 2024.
  26. ^ "U.S." TIME. September 27, 1943. Archived from the original on February 12, 2024. Retrieved February 10, 2024.

External links[edit]

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